This issue Strides visits the forts of Bahrain, unexplored historical landmarks that stand witness to centuries of history, as the island played a significant role as a maritime trading hub between the West, Arabia, the Indian sub-continent, and beyond.

A mighty little island in the Arabian Sea, Bahrain has served as a bridge between cultures and civilizations for thousands of years. From the Dilmuns, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians of antiquity, to the Portuguese, British, and present-day ruling dynasty, this desert island presides over a rich history, shaped by its strategic location in the Arabian Gulf, its importance as a trading hub, and the influence of various regional and global powers. Situated at the heart of ancient and modern trade routes, including the Dilmun trade routes between Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) and the civilizations of the Indus Valley in the Indian Subcontinent and beyond; Arabian Peninsula Trade Route, the maritime Silk Road, Spice Route and Pearl Trading Route, Bahrain’s busy ports have overseen the exchange of goods such as precious metals, gemstones, ivory, copper, pearls, spices, textiles, and ceramics. These trade routes further helped shape Bahrain's history, economy, and cultural heritage.

The island’s success and natural geographical advantage also left it vulnerable to invasion, and rulers had to fortify the coasts not only to protect their sovereignty and safeguard their citizens but also to defend against piracy, territorial conflicts, and other threats, offering commercial traders safe passage for onward journeys. One of the most fascinating aspects of Bahrain's history, therefore is its collection of forts, which have stood as symbols of defense and power throughout the centuries. These forts not only served as military structures but also played significant roles in shaping the country's heritage. These were built by the many ruling dynasties and civilizations that have inhabited the region over the centuries. Many of these forts were constructed or expanded during the 16th century by the Portuguese, who occupied Bahrain for a period of time. Subsequently, the forts were further developed and maintained by the Al Khalifa dynasty, which has ruled Bahrain since the 18th century. Today, the  Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities has contributed to the preservation and restoration of several forts in the country, which offer insights into Bahrain's rich history and cultural heritage, showcasing the region's maritime past. Each fort has its own unique architectural style and historical significance, reflecting the diverse influences that have shaped Bahrain's cultural heritage over the millennia.

When you visit a fort you stand in awe realizing that they built it many years ago without the technology we have today and you start to wonder about the experience of having lived there. All of a sudden you feel more proud of Bahrain and its rich history and cultural heritage.

Ms. Bianca Briers, a Grade 5 Homeroom Teacher at Esol Education’s American School of Bahrain believes they are the best experiences on the island. “In 2017 I decided to have a change in scenery, I exchanged Cape Town, South Africa for Bahrain, an island country in the Arabian Gulf. Arriving in Bahrain, I was introduced to the Bahrain Fort during our first week of orientation and it will always be a fond memory of living here!” she shared. “When you visit a fort you stand in awe realizing that they built it many years ago without the technology we have today and you start to wonder about the experience of having lived there. All of a sudden you feel more proud of Bahrain and its rich history and cultural heritage. Whenever relatives or friends visit me in Bahrain I always have the forts on top of my exploring list. They are always a highlight and teach them so much about this unexplored island in the Arabian Gulf.” Ms. Briers shares a round-up of the forts of Bahrain: Bahrain Fort, Arad Fort, Riffa Fort, and Bu Maher Fort.

Bahrain Fort

The Bahrain Fort, also known as Qal'at al-Bahrain is one of the famous forts in Bahrain. The ancient site of Qal’at al-Bahrain in the northwestern part of the island is considered the main harbor and the capital of Dilmun. This UNESCO World Heritage Site dates back to the Dilmun civilization, which thrived in Bahrain over 4,000 years ago. The fort's strategic location near the water made it a vital trading hub in ancient times. Today, visitors can explore the impressive archaeological site, walk through the ancient ruins, and learn about the history and culture of the region.

Arad Fort

Another noteworthy fort is Arad Fort, located in Muharraq. This fort, believed to have been built in the 15th century, was a defensive structure to protect against potential invasions. Its unique architecture and strategic position overlooking the sea make it an iconic landmark in Bahrain. The fort has been beautifully restored and is open to the public, offering visitors a glimpse into Bahrain's past.

Riffa Fort

Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Al-Fateh  Fort, commonly known as Riffa Fort due to its location in Riffa, is a historic landmark and stands witness to one of the most important point in time in Bahrain’s history. The fort is situated on a cliff overlooked the desert valley between East Riffa and West Riffa. Within its beautiful architecture lives the memory of the ruling family of Bahrain, the Al Khalifas. Originally constructed in the 19th century, this fort served as a residence for the ruling Al Khalifa family. It offers a fascinating insight into the royal history of Bahrain and showcases traditional Bahraini architecture.

Bu Maher Fort

Bu Maher Fort is located at the entrance to Muharraq Island in Bahrain. The fort is strategically positioned near the coast, guarding the entrance to Muharraq Island, and overlooking the Arabian Gulf. Its location makes it easily accessible for visitors who wish to explore this historical landmark. The old Muharraq settlement was Bahrain’s capital from 1810 to 1923, the peak years of the pearling economy, and is today the predominant city of Bahrain’s second-largest island. The Pearling Path also includes visiting the Bu Maher Fort, which guards the entrance to Muharraq Island, and the Portuguese Fort in Bahrain's capital city, Manama. The location of Bu Maher Fort has made it an important defensive structure throughout the centuries. It was built to protect the entrance to Muharraq Island and served as a gateway to the island's bustling and vibrant city. The fort's construction dates back to a time when Bahrain faced potential invasions and needed a defensive wall to safeguard its shores.

Each of the forts tells a unique story and contributes to Bahrain's cultural heritage. Exploring these forts allows visitors to immerse themselves in Bahrain's history and better understand the country's past. The forts stand as reminders of Bahrain's resilience and serve as important cultural landmarks that continue to captivate locals and tourists alike.

Whether you are interested in history, or architecture, or simply want to experience the charm of these ancient structures, the forts of Bahrain offer a captivating journey through time and a glimpse into the country's vibrant past.